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A communication disorder affecting educational performance is the most accurate description of a speech or language impairment. Speech and language impairments encompass a range of difficulties that individuals may experience when producing or understanding speech, as well as issues with language development, usage, and social communication. These impairments can significantly impact a person's ability to participate in academic activities and effectively engage with peers and educators, thereby affecting educational performance.

The other descriptions do not align with the nature of speech or language impairments. Cognitive dysfunction relates to thinking and understanding, which is not specific to communication issues. A condition impacting vision refers to visual impairments, unrelated to speech and language. A reduction in physical strength describes a different type of impairment, often associated with mobility or physical health, rather than communication abilities.