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During the autonomy vs. shame stage, which typically occurs from about 18 months to 3 years of age, toddlers primarily focus on developing a sense of independence and self-control. This stage is characterized by their exploration of free will and their ability to make choices, which contributes to their emerging autonomy. As they begin to assert themselves, toddlers engage in activities that allow them to explore their environment and exert their will, such as choosing what to wear, what to play with, and how to interact with others.

This exploration is crucial for their emotional and social development, as it helps them learn about their capabilities and build confidence in their decision-making skills. The focus is not primarily on social responsibilities, emotional stability, or occupational skills, but rather on cultivating a sense of personal agency and the ability to explore boundaries without experiencing overwhelming feelings of shame or doubt. This exploration forms the foundation for their future developmental stages, where they learn to balance independence with the expectations of others.